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Effects of Asparagus Racemosus Again Metal Induced Toxicity in Testes

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Introduction

Asparagus adscendens Roxb. (Liliaceae), commonly known as "Safed Musali" or "Sataver" in Hindi, has been i of the chief ingredients in Ayurveda and other local sociology medicines for ages. The plant is a sub-erect, prickly shrub with fusiform white tuberous roots (rhizome), generally found in oak forests up to 1800 m in North West Himalaya, Punjab, at college altitudes up to 5300 ft, Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra, Rohilkhand, Fundamental Mussori hills, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, Republic of india, besides every bit in Afghanistan (Bhatt & Negi, 2005; Gaur, 1999; Mehta & Subramanian, 2005). It has been traditionally used in the preparation of health tonic for general weakness/debility, in case of apathies of rima oris and throat, for the treatment of spermatorrhea, chronic leucorrhea, diarrhea, dysentery, diabetes, senile pruritus, asthma, and fatigue in Indian Unani medicine (Asolkar et al., 1992; Gaur, 1999; Negi et al., 2010). Unlike parts of this plant possess multifarious medicinal properties such every bit insulinotropic, insulin-enhancing, inhibitory effects on starch digestion, acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase action, antifungal, antifilarial action, and beneficial in the direction of stress and inflammatory weather condition, memory impairments, and the symptoms of AIDS (Kanwar & Bhutani, 2010; Khan et al., 2010; Mathews et al., 2006; Singh & Rai, 2000; Singh et al., 1997; Trivedi & Upadhyay, 1993). The phytochemical studies on A. adscendens roots (AARR) excerpt identified several of import steroids, saponins and sapogenins, triterpenoids, glycosides, oligospirostanosides and oligofurostanosides, essential oil, and phytoecdysteroids that are analogues of invertebrate steroid hormones (Dinan et al., 2001; Huang & Kong, 2006; Jadhav & Bhutani, 2006; Negi et al., 2010; Singh et al., 1997; Tandon & Shukla, 1995). The plant contains pregnant amounts of saponin, which has been shown to inhibit Dna and RNA synthesis and cell proliferation of HL60 and tumor cells (Mentum Rutgers, 2003).

The availability of the big number of sexual office improving drugs in the traditional Unani System of Medicine is a unique and distinctive feature of this arrangement. Present, the institute-based remedies have been used as the most popular alternative methods likewise having many specific drugs for enhancing sexual functions and for the treatment of sexual dysfunction, infertility, and male person disorders. There are several plants/found products such as Butea frondosa Koen ex Roxb. (Papillionaceae) (Ramachandran et al., 2004), Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward (Turneraceae) (Kumar & Sharma, 2005), Terminalia catappa Linn. (Combretaceae) (Ratnasooriya & Dharmasiri, 2000), Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceace) (Ang et al., 2001), Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) (Gauthaman & Adaikan, 2005), Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae) (Tajuddin et al., 2005), Fadogia agrestis Schweinf. Ex Hiern (Rubiaceae) (Yakubu et al., 2005), Abutilon indicum Linn. SW (Malvaceae), Withania somnifera Dunal (Solanaceae) (Ganu et al., 2010), including the most usually used spices (Tajuddin et al., 2003, 2005) have been demonstrated to show aphrodisiac action that stimulate the mounting behavior, increases anxiety, and the mating performances. Some of these are empirically used as promising aphrodisiacs in traditional medicine practice in cases of sexual debility or depressed desire. In an indigenous system of medicine, the dried roots of A. adscendens have been used as an aphrodisiac and are very constructive in increasing male potency (Kapoor, 2001). Reported studies on Asparagus recemous Wild. (Liliaceae) and several other plant products have been demonstrated to increment sexual and anabolic activities in normal equally well as in induced-hyperglycemic rats (Chauhan & Dixit, 2008; Esfandiari & Dehghani, 2010; Thakur et al., 2009a–c). Notwithstanding, at that place is piddling information available about the aphrodisiac potential of AARR, although it has been claimed traditionally as an aphrodisiac. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the dose-dependent effects of AARR extract on the anabolic action, reproductive organ function (namely organ weights, testicular spermatogenesis, DSP, and ESC), and sexual behavioral operation so as to emphasize the pharmacological basis and mechanism of action in adult male person rats.

Materials and methods

Chemicals

All chemicals used in the nowadays study were purchased from Sigma Chemical Visitor, St. Louis, MO.

Constitute collection and extraction

Asparagus adscendens was collected in months of September–October 2010 locally from Almora district of Uttarakhand Land, India, identified by Dr. Kamal Ram Arya from Botany Division, and authenticated in Institutional Herbarium (Voucher no. KRA-23986). The roots of these plants were shade-stale for 3 d and milled into fine powder using an electric laboratory grinder. For preparation of the ethanol extract, the powdered roots (3 kg) were macerated in 3000 ml ethanol (96% due west/v) for 48 h and, subsequently, the mixture was filtered and semi-dried under reduced pressure (Rotor Vapors, Buchi, Germany) at 35 °C (yield: 3.four–iii.half-dozen% westward/w; Panda, 2000). The reconstituted extract was administered orally using a metal oropharyngeal cannula with the animals in treatment groups.

Animals used

Adult Sprague–Dawley rats of either sexual practice (males, 180–200 g and females, 170–180 chiliad) were used in the present study and were obtained from the Institute'due south Breeding Colony. They were housed in stainless steel cages and acclimatized to housing atmospheric condition at ambience temperature of 22 ± 3°C and relative humidity 45% under a lite-dark (12 h light/dark) cycle for ane week before the commencement of the experiment, and fed with standard pellets' nutrition (Hindustan Lever Ltd., Bangalore, India) and free admission to water. This study was carried out under the guidelines laid downward past Institutional Animal Ethics Commission (IAEC) and the experimental protocol was canonical by IAEC (Blessing no. 126/ten/Endo/IAEC dated 4.11.2010).

Experimental design

There were three sets of experiments conducted and a full of 84 males and 90 female rats were used. In the 1st gear up of experiment, 24 adult male rats were randomized into iv groups (Groups I–IV) of vi rats in each group. Grouping I served as a control and received distilled water (10 ml/kg body weight) but. Rats in Groups Two, III, and Iv were administered ethanol extract of A. adscendens roots (AARR) at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for thirty d. The animals were allowed free access to food and drinking water ad libitum during the unabridged treatment period. The physical advent/activity of the rats was observed daily for ane–2 h for (if any) toxic upshot. On day 31 (10:00 AM), the body weights of control and treated animals were recorded and the dissection was done past anaesthetizing with anesthetic ether. The reproductive organs (namely testes, epididymis, ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and penis) were dissected, rinsed in chilled saline, freed from connective tissues and blood clots, and then weighed. The testes and epididymis from either side (left) were fixed in Bouin's fluid (24 h) for histology purpose. The tissues from the other side (correct) were processed further for daily sperm production (DSP) charge per unit and epididymal sperm counting equally per the methods described previously (Amann et al., 1976; Bansode et al., 1998).

In the 2nd and 3rd fix of experiments, 30 animals were divided into v groups (Groups I–Five) having 6 rats each. Group I served every bit a command and received distilled water (ten ml/kg) just. Rats in Groups II, III, and IV administered ethanol extract of AARR at the doses 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for 30 d. An additional group (Group V) of six animals was used every bit a standard control and received oral suspension of sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg body weight) 1 h prior to the commencement of the copulatory and potency tests.

Histomorphometry/quantitation of spermatogenesis

In hematoxylin- and eosin-stained testicular cantankerous sections (5 µm thick), the measurements of tubular diameter of round seminiferous tubules (100 tubules in each grouping) and a nuclear diameter of Leydig cells (100 Leydig cells nuclei/group) in 3–5 cross sections form each group were carried out by using Biovis Image Plus Software for image analysis and processing (Expert Vision Labs Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Republic of india) at ×100 and ×m magnification under the Olympus Trinocular microscope (BX51, Olympus, Tokyo, Nihon).

Quantitative analysis of testicular spermatogenesis was washed on the ground of nuclear morphology of the germ and Sertoli cells. The number of germ cells and Sertoli prison cell nuclei was counted in at least 20 round seminiferous tubules selected randomly from at least 2–3 cross sections in each rat at ×400 magnification under an Olympus Trinocular microscope (Olympus, BX 51, Tokyo, Japan). Jail cell counts were corrected by Abercrombie'south formula and values expressed every bit an average (mean) cell counts per Sertoli cell ratio in each group of animals equally per the method described earlier (Bansode et al., 1998; Srivastav et al., 2010).

Estimation of DSP

Measurement of DSP in testicular homogenates was carried out every bit per the method of Amann et al. (1976). Briefly, testicular parenchyma was cutting into small-scale pieces, placed in 0·25 mol/fifty sucrose solution (pH 7.five), and homogenized in a fluid containing 150 mM NaCl/l, three.8 mM NaNiii/fifty, and 0.05% (v/v) Triton 10-100 using an Ultra Turrax® (Janke and Kunkel, Staufen, Germany). The homogenates were further diluted with the same medium, and homogenization-resistant spermatid nuclei in steps 17–19 of stages IV–8 of the spermatogenic wheel were counted in triplicate under the Olympus microscope using a Neubauer'southward hemocytometer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). DSP per gram testicular parenchyma was calculated by dividing the number of spermatids nuclei with the production of weight of parenchyma and a fourth dimension divisor of six.3 d was reported for a rat (Johnson et al., 1980). The values are represented as mean ± SE for five animals in each grouping.

Epididymal sperm counts (ESC)

Cauda epididymis was excised surgically, cutting into modest pieces in suspension medium containing 140 mmol NaCl, 0.3 mmol KCl, 0.8 mmol Na2HPO4, 0.2 mmol KHtwoPO4, and 1.5 mmol d-glucose (pH adjusted to vii.3 by adding 0.1 N NaOH), and sperms were collected by centrifugation at 100 ×m for two min. The resultant precipitate was resuspended in fresh suspension medium, diluted, and placed on both the sides of Neubauer's hemocytometer. The counting of the number of sperms was carried out in four chambers of a hemocytometer in duplicate in each rat under Olympus Trinocular microscope at ×200 magnification. The values were expressed as an boilerplate of full counts of sperms per ml of suspension (Amann et al., 1976).

Copulatory test

The copulatory test was conducted in the 2d experimental group of animals as per the method described previously (Lucio et al., 2001; Mercier et al., 1987). The behavior exam was performed past placing the male person in a Plexiglas cylindrical arena (55 cm in diameter) for a 5-min habituation period earlier the females are brought into the estrous past the subcutaneous injection of estradiol benzoate (ten µg) and progesterone (ii mg) for 48 and 4 h before the test, respectively. A total of 90 females were used (in the ratio of 1 male:3 females) to allow each ascertainment to exist fabricated using fresh females and to avert possible furnishings of repeated copulation. Examination session was ended when the male displayed the ejaculatory pattern. The mated female person rats were sacrificed side by side day morning, seminal plugs were obtained surgically and weighed. Copulatory parameters studied, included the mounting latency (ML), mounting frequency (MF), intromission latency (IL), intromission frequency (IF), ejaculation latency (EL), post-ejaculatory interval time (PEI), and seminal plug weights (SPW), were recorded after xxx d treatment of AARR extract. Hit rate [number of intromissions/number of mounts + number of intromissions] was calculated from these parameters.

Potency test

In the 3rd experimental group of animals, the spinal cord was transected in the midthoracic region of castrated male person rats, as described previously (Tajuddin et al., 2005). The animals were divided into v groups (Groups I–5) of six rats in each group. Control (Grouping I) rats received distilled water (10 ml/kg) only. Rats in Groups II, III, and IV were administered AARR extract orally at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg doses, respectively, for 30 d. Rats in Grouping V were treated with oral intermission of Sildenafil citrate (v mg/kg) one h prior to the commencement of the potency test and used as a standard control. Following the next day, each animal was placed on its back in a drinking glass cylinder for partial restraint. The preputial sheath was pushed behind the glans penis past using the thumb and index finger for a catamenia of 30 min. During this menstruum, a cluster of genital responses consisting of erections, quick flips, and long flips of the glans penis were recorded.

Toxicity study

Rats were observed daily for one–2 h afterwards the administration of AARR extract for physical appearance, behavioral activities, and decease (if whatever). The gross behavioral aspects included the salivation, lachrymation, ptosis, exopthalmos, arousal response, spontaneous motor activity, posture/position, gait, ataxia, tremor, convulsions, straub's tail, abnormal stereotypy, catalepsy, righting reflex, defecation, and urination.

Statistical analysis

Statistical assay for significance of differences amongst body and reproductive organ weights, spermatogenic germ cell assay, DSP, epididymal sperm counts, and copulatory and potency test parameters of control and treated rats was done by applying Pupil's "t"-test and a ane-way ANOVA (ane-factor assay of variance) test followed past the Newman–Keuls multiple comparison test wherever applicable. Values with p< 0.05 were considered as significant and expressed as mean ± SEM.

Results

Trunk and reproductive organ weights

No significant changes were observed in the last trunk weights also as in the reproductive organ weights (namely testis, epididymis, ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and penis) in AARR extract-treated rats at the 100 mg/kg dose equally compared with controls. However, there was a meaning increment in torso weights and weights of testes, epididymis, ventral prostate, and seminal vesicles in rats treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg doses of root excerpt as compared with controls. The weights of vas deferens and penis were like to controls at 200 mg/kg dose, but exhibited an increase in weight of vas deferens at 300 mg/kg dose of extract (Table 1).

Table one. Effects of ethanol extract of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. roots on the body and reproductive organ weights in adult male rats.

Histomorphometry/quantitation of spermatogenesis/DSP/ESC

In control rats, the testes showed normal spermatogenesis depicting all the spermatogenic germ cell types namely spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa (Figure 1a). Cauda epididymal tubular lumen was filled with a large number of sperms (Effigy 2a). In treated rats, at 100 mg/kg dose, in that location was no change in testicular and epididymal histologies as compared with control (Figures 1b and 2b). But they showed increased density of circular and elongated spermatids in the seminiferous epithelium, and sperms in epididymal lumen in treated groups with 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of AARR extract (Figures 1c and d and 2c and d). The morphometric measurements of testicular tubular diameter showed a significant increase (p< 0.005–0.001) in rats treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg doses of excerpt, only showed no significant alter at its lower dose of 100 mg/kg equally compared with controls. The nuclear diameter of Leydig cells did not bear witness whatever meaning modify in treated rats (Table ii), but showed insignificant increase at 300 mg/kg dose of extract. Quantitative assay of the germ cells/Sertoli cell ratio showed a pregnant increase (p< 0.02–0.001) in the number of round and elongated spermatids in treated rats at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight equally compared with command. However, the number of A-spermatogonia, and primary spermatocytes (pachytene and non-pachytene) besides every bit Sertoli cell number did not change significantly in treated rats. Similarly, treatment of 100 mg/kg AARR extract did not cause any significant change in testicular germ cell population dynamics and Sertoli cell number (Table two). DSP rate in testicular homogenates and ESC was also increased significantly in treated rats at 200 and 300 mg/kg doses than that of control grouping rats. Nonetheless, the 100 mg/kg dose of AARR extract did not produce any significant alter in DSP and ESC in treated rats (Figure 3).

Figure 1. Testis histology of control (A) and Asparagus adscendens root extract treated rats at 100 (B), 200 (C), and 300 (D) mg/kg doses for 30 d. A, spermatogonia; P, pachytene spermatocytes; R, round spermatids; E, elongated spermatids; LC, Leydig cells; SC, Sertoli cells. Note the increased density of round and elongated spermatids in treated rats with 200 mg/kg (C) and 300 mg/kg (D) dose level. Magnification: ×1000 (under oil immersion); H–Due east staining.

Figure 2. Cauda epididymal cantankerous sections from control (A) and Asparagus adscendens root extract treated rats with 100 (B), 200 (C), and 300 (D) mg/kg doses for 30 d. Notation the increased sperm density in tubular lumen at 200 (C) and 300 (D) mg/kg than in 100 mg/kg (B) and command (A) rats. EP, epididymal epithelium; ES, epididymal stroma; S, luminal sperms. Magnification: ×1000 (under oil immersion); H–E staining.

Figure three. Effects of Asparagus adscendens Roxb root extract on testicular daily sperm production/one thousand of testicular parenchyma and cauda epididymal sperm counts (×106)/ml.

Tabular array ii. Upshot of Asapragus adscendens Roxb. roots extract on testicular germ cell population dynamics, tubular bore and nuclear diameter of Leydig cells in rats.

Effect of AARR extract on sexual behavior

In the copulatory beliefs test, a significant increase in ML was observed in treated rats at the 100 mg/kg dose of AARR extract. Other sexual behavioral parameters such equally MF, IF, IL, EL, PEI, SPW, and hit charge per unit were observed to be comparable with that of controls. However, treatment with 200 and 300 mg/kg doses of AARR extract produced a pregnant increase in MF, IF, and EL when compared with controls. The ML and IL were significantly decreased at both doses, and PEI decreased significantly only in 300 mg/kg dose of extract. The standard drug, Sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg) treatment, produced a pronounced increment in MF, IF, and EL, but caused meaning decrease in ML, IL, and PEI as compared with controls. The hit charge per unit and seminal plug weights were similar in treated and control rats (Table 3).

Table three. Furnishings of l% ethanol extract of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. roots on the sexual behavioral performance of male Sprague–Dawley rats.

Effect of AARR extract on potency

The exam of potency included the penile reflexes such quick flip (QF), long flip (LF), full penile reflexes (TPR), and penile erections (PE). Handling of AAR extract at 100 mg/kg did not cause whatsoever consequence on penile indices, but acquired a pregnant increase in QF, LF, TPR, and PE in treated rats at 300 mg/kg extract. At the dose level of 200 mg/kg, there was an increment in QF and PE. The standard drug, Sildenafil citrate, caused significantly higher penile indices compared with control as well every bit AARR extract-treated groups (Table iv).

Table iv. Effects of Aspragus adscendens Roxb. roots extract on penile reflexes (exam for authorization) in male person rats.

Toxicity study

No meaning changes in gross behavior of AARR-treated every bit compared with control rats were observed during 1–2 h of the toxicity study.

Word

AARR extract has been widely traditionally acclaimed for its aphrodisiac activeness that increases libido, authorization, sperm counts, and sexual pleasure in man. To investigate scientific rational behind the folk claim of this plant extract, the present report was conducted experimentally in a rat model to emphasize pharmacological basis and dose-dependent effects on the anabolic activity, reproductive organ function, and sexual behavioral performance. Oral assistants of ethanol extract of AARR for 30 d produced a meaning anabolic activity characterized past the weight gain in the body and reproductive organs (testis, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) at 200 and 300 mg/kg doses as compared with control rats. In add-on, there was an increment in testicular tubular diameters at both doses. In concurrence, previous studies take also been demonstrated an increase in anabolic activeness that improves the body and reproductive organ weights which is a biological indicator of steroidogenesis (El-Tantawy et al., 2007; Esfandiari & Dehghani, 2010; Gauthaman et al., 2003; Gauthaman & Adaikan, 2008). Nonetheless, lower dose, i.e., 100 mg/kg of extract, exhibited no meaning changes in torso and reproductive organ weights. The quantitative analysis of testicular spermatogenesis showed an increase in the number of androgen-dependent spermatogenic cells, e.g., spermatids (round and elongated). The mature elongated spermatid releases from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubular lumen by spermiation process prior to their passage to epididymis have been used every bit a 'mark' for DSP rate in testis (Amann et al., 1976). Further, there was an increase observed in ESCs in treated (200 and 300 mg/kg) rats, which is a useful biochemical "mark" for testicular action (Srivastav et al., 2010; Wang et al., 1999). The increased testicular function coincided with elevated weights of androgen-dependent accessory sex organs, sperm product/semen characteristics has shown to interfere with the normal testicular activity by enhancing the libido and sexual behavioral functioning indicating testosterone-like furnishings in rats (Ganguly et al., 1992; Ganu et al., 2010; Thakur et al., 2009c). Interestingly, our results also showed an increase in the testicular activity too as in androgen-dependent accessory sex organ weights (namely epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) in AARR-treated rats at 200 and 300 mg/kg doses. Recent studies have also investigated an increment in the spermatogenic besides as aphrodisiac activity with other plant species like Curculia orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae) and Tribulus terresteris Fifty. (Zygophyllaceae) (Chauhan & Dixit, 2008; Esfandiari & Dehghani, 2010). Since AARR excerpt is rich in steroidogenic compounds like saponins and flavonoids, information technology may stimulate an increase in steroidal biosynthesis, testosterone secretion, gonadotrophic activity, and availability of precursors in the course of steroidal components such as gonads for the improvement of reproductive and copulatory performance (Chauhan et al., 2010; Haren et al., 2002; Jadhav & Bhutani, 2006; Thakur & Dixit, 2007; Thakur et al., 2009a–c). In contrast, the steroidogenic Leydig cells did non show any meaning change in their nuclear diameters in treated rats, but represented insignificant increase at its higher dose (300 mg/kg) as compared with controls. The testicular Sertoli cell number as well equally the germ cells, namely A-spermatogonia, non-pachytene, and pachytene spermatocytes, did non prove any significant change in treated every bit compared with controls, which may indicate that there is no alter in gonadotrophic and/or testicular testosterone hormone levels at the doses used in the present study (Gauthaman & Adaikan, 2008; Yakubu et al., 2008). But information technology has been well documented that biosynthesis and secretion of testosterone hormone are responsible for androgenic activity too as for the development of male accessory sex organs, e.g., epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens (Gray et al., 1979). The molecular machinery of action involves testosterone conversion into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which binds with cytoplasm receptor proteins, translocate into the nucleus, and stimulate DNA and RNA transcription process that activate RNA polymerase and raise the production of proteins in cells, resulting in increased torso mass and weights of secondary sexual organs (Gilna, 2004; Thakur et al., 2009c). Previous reports have shown that the AARR extract is rich in steroidal saponin, protodioscin that increases levels of LH, DHT, DHEA, and testosterone, and enhances libido, spermatogenesis, and pro-erectile effects (Gauthaman & Adaikan, 2008; Padashetty & Mishra, 2007). Thus, the increased testicular and accessory sex organ weights (namely epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) in AARR excerpt-treated rats may aspect to an increase in androgen levels that trigger libido-enhancing result that needs to be explored.

In the copulatory behavior examination, many aspects of male sexual behavior including an erection and mounting provide directly and prominent measures for determining the efficacy of aphrodisiacs (Linnankoski & Leinonen, 2010; Linnankoski et al., 1995). In the nowadays investigation, a dose-dependent increase (300 > 200 > 100 mg/kg) in the MF and IF was observed in AARR extract-treated rats. These effects of extract accept been demonstrated as the useful indices of vigor, libido, and authorisation (Chaturapanich et al., 2012; Tajuddin et al., 2005; Yakubu & Akanji, 2011). An increase in MF indicates increased sexual libido, and increased IF indicates increased potency parameters such as penile reflexes, erections, and penile orientation towards ejaculatory reflexes (Agmo, 1997; Suresh et al., 2009; Tajuddin et al., 2004; Yakubu & Akanji, 2011). At that place was a significant increase in ML at 100 mg/kg dose level of AARR extract which is an indicator of sexual motivation and arousability. Just decreased ML and IL in treated rats at higher doses (200 and 300 mg/kg torso weight) may indicate repeated stimulation in MF and IF. The PEI is a nitrous oxide (NO)-based mechanism and considered to exist an index of potency, libido, and the rate of recovery from burnout after starting time serial of mating (Suresh et al., 2009; Tajuddin et al., 2003). Existing reports have shown that the PEI of more than 5400 s causes sexual exhaustion, resulting a turn down in the intensity of sexual behavior in subsequent mating (Agmo, 1997). The present written report besides showed a reject in PEI at 300 mg/kg extract, which may bespeak enhanced sexual behavior marked by increased EL and prolongation in the duration of coitus in the AARR-treated rats. Also, it has been demonstrated that the display of pelvic thrusting during intromission and ejaculation may lead to close contact between the male person copulatory organ and the vaginal orifice, resulting in college lordosis in female rats (Agmo, 1997; Yakubu et al., 2008). The sexual behavior, desire, libido, and penile erections are androgen dependent and act through cardinal and peripheral mechanisms (Mills et al., 1996; Thakur & Dixit, 2007; Yakubu et al., 2005, 2008). Information technology may, therefore, be logical to attribute these sexual appetitive behavioral changes in male person rats to the extract contents such as alkaloids, saponins, or flavonoids due to their engorgement, androgen enhancing, and antioxidant properties (Gauthaman & Adaikan, 2005; Jadhav & Bhutani, 2006; Sharma et al., 2012; Yakubu & Akanji, 2011).

It has been shown that penile erection depends on a well-coordinated arrangement of vascular, endocrine, and neural network supplying to the male sexual organ. The found extracts may cause sexual stimulation via simulation of parasympathetic nerves, which further activate the local factors thereby increasing vascular claret flow in the clangorous avenue that induces a rapid increase in intracavernous pressure during penile erection (Anderson & Wagner, 1995; Chen et al., 1992; de Andrade et al., 2007; Lucio et al., 2001; Mizusawa et al., 2002; Naylor, 1998; Park et al., 2006; Tajuddin et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2002). The relaxation of the cavernous smooth muscle is mediated past NO is a physiologic bespeak essential for penile erection that involves both neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) isoforms (Burnett, 2004), ACh (Furchgott & Zawadzki, 1980), guanylate cyclise and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) (Chang et al., 2004), protein kinase G, (Francis et al., 2010) too every bit phosphatidylinositol iii-kinase/Akt-induced eNOS phosphorylation mechanisms under the blood flow stimuli in the penis to sustain physiological penile erection (Dimmeler et al., 1999). In that location are several reports on plant-based mechanisms of penile erection and saponins acting as a nitric oxide donor may induce the relaxation of smooth muscle corpus cavernosum through the l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway (Kim et al., 1998). While alkaloids, which show induction of vasodilation of the blood vessels resulting in penile erection, may be signaling through the VEGF/eNOS signaling pour (Agmo, 1997; Liu et al., 2010). The enhanced IF past the AARR extract may be associated with the flavonoids and/or saponins content of the plant that needs further exploration. Withal, increased ejaculation latency was supported by the presence of the vaginal plug in female person rats.

Conclusion

The nowadays written report demonstrates the anabolic effects by AARR extract at 200 and 300 mg/kg doses indicating body and reproductive organ (testis, epididymis, ventral prostate, and seminal vesicle) weight gain. The testicular/epididymal function was evident by an increase in the testicular tubular bore, spermatogenic germ cells (spermatids) population, DSP, and ESC in rats. Further, the extract likewise produced a significant increase in sexual behavioral aspects such every bit MF, IF, EL, and penile erections, and exhibited decreased ML, IL, and PEI in a dose-dependent way in rat. Thus, the results of the study provide scientific rationale for traditional use of AARR excerpt as an aphrodisiac besides every bit for male person sexual disorders.

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Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/13880209.2014.913295

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